History of Kendari city in Southeast Sulawesi

Today, I happened to be in town kendari to complete the work my office hehe, long story short after looking at the situation of this beautiful city, I wanted to know the history of the city looking kendari.

When I browse through the history of this city turns out I read about a Figures who became the origin of the historical city of Kendari, the Figures was JN Vosmaer.

For some reason J.N. Vosmaer interested in a beautiful cove and then gave him the name "Vosmaer baai" (Gulf Vosmaer, then known Kendari Bay). Of its journey around the east coast of Sulawesi began in Gorontalo, Poso, Togian, and along the Gulf of Tomini to enter the Gulf of Tolo on the way home to Makassar, he stopped at May 9, 1831 Kendari Bay find the Bajo and Bugis (Vosmaer, 1832).

Vosmaer very amazed and interested in Kendari Bay newly discovered, thus pushing it to make maps and do some research. Vosmaer interest was evidenced one year (1832) and then by establishing logde, istanah king Tebau, and then equip it with port facilities as well as overseeing the settlement Bajo and Bugis people who move as fishermen from pirates disorder (Tobelo) (Zahari, 1977). Long before the city of Kendari invented and built by Vosmaer became a colonial city on a hill at the edge of the Gulf coast of Kendari. This region (Kendari) previously was included in the Kingdom government Konawe which is located inland with its capital Unaaha. Now the former center of the Kingdom Konawe it into one autonomous district that is Konawe, formerly named the District Kendari which bloomed in 1995. While most regions Kendari District, located on the coast of the Gulf of Kendari Kendari be fixed using the name of the city of Kendari.

Kandai so early Kendari name means small bamboo used as penokong raft or boat. In addition to naming Kandai locals call it by the name Kantahi means residential area seashores. The second mention of the term to give a special meaning to this area, end of the two names has been changed into Kendari. Kendari name this be the start options for the Dutch to melazimkan naming this area, then set into the settlements around the Gulf of Kendari (Tarimana, 1998: 3). Kampung Kandai this is built Vosmaer a Dutchman in 1832 became a town beach with infrastructures such as logde (lodges), istanah king, roads, ports, markets, houses of worship and other facilities on the hill which is characterized by areas of colonial later became the forerunner of Kendari mother Southeast Sulawesi province (Konggoasa, 1982). Kendari city center built after the Royal Konawe who are experiencing a period of decline inland end of the 19th century. However, before the transfer of government activities from inland (Unaaha) to the Kingdom Laiwoi having a heyday during the reign of Tebawo and Lakidende. Konawe Kingdom government structure arranged according to the system "Siwole Mbatohu, O Pitudula Stone" is the four regions of central government support, each supporting region is as follows:
1. Tambo i Losoano oleo or Gate East area, is the area of ​​power Ranomeeto coordination;
2. Tambo i Tepuliano oleo or West Gate, is the region
Latoma power coordination;
3. Bharata NCO i Hana or Right, is the area of ​​coordination
Una Tonga power, and
4. Bharata i Moeri or NCO Left, is the area of ​​coordination of power Asaki / Lambuya (Tamburaka, 1998: 4).

When the central government lies in the hinterland relationship with the Royal Netherlands Indies Konawe not very important, because geographically the capital of this kingdom centered administration dipedalaman, (Unaaha capital of Konawe now). Access kewilayah inland as the center of hoarding of agricultural and plantation just over the road sepatak, then transported through several ports, such as Sampara, Lasolo, Kolono, and Tinanggea (Konggoasa, 1982). Konawe empire finally collapse after the vacuum of power, after the death of the king Lakidende. Royal council not got a replacement Lakidende a king. Failure of this royal council, among other things due to the break of the leaders and the emergence of defiance Ranomeeto as the eastern region of the Kingdom Konawe gate.

Barata east which serves as a port utamai this Konawe kingdom protest against the appointment Sulemandara lieu King Lakidende (Bhurhanuddin, et al, 1978: 35). Chaos and a power vacuum in the body of the Kingdom Konawe protracted, allowing the Dutch run political ploy to divide the nobles Tolaki. Dutch influence elites and aristocrats Ranomeeto secede from the Kingdom Konawe. Dutch provocation succeeded in persuading Sao-Sao (Sapati) in Ranomeeto founded the Kingdom Laiwoi. The success of the Netherlands after the agreement Molawe (Tarimana, 1998: 7).

Kendari City development begins with moving the capital city of the Kingdom of Laiwoi to the King's palace in the hills Tebau Vosmaer in 1832. The hill above the village is developing into a beautiful town East coast of peninsular Southeast Sulawesi Island. Kendari Kandai first name before just a fishing village Bajo and Bugis. The strategic location is in the beautiful bay experienced rapid development, since Vosmaer and Governor General HB in Batavia recognize resource wealth of marine and agricultural products and plantations, so that the region of East Sulawesi, especially Kendari started construction and payed government HB by setting Vosmaer as Assistant Resident by decree number: 16 dated January 12, 1835 resident of the city of Kendari. HB attention in this area as well in order security for the disruption of pirates - Tobelo - which often interfere with the fishing communities (See Bhurhanuddin, 1978, and H. Konggoasa, 1982).

Kendari Vosmaer of potential for very much natural wealth and strategic as quiet natural harbor for shipping and trade. In 1832 Vosmaer obtain permission from the government to control and exploit HB Kendari Bay, especially to protect merchants who conduct activities in Kendari Bay and the Bajo and Bugis
settled on the coast of Kendari, for example:
1. To approve Vosmaer effort to organize the Bajo in Kendari Bay obtain security protection in trade marine products, such as trochus, sea cucumbers, gelatin, japing-japing, tortoiseshell, tail and insert Hiyu fish and others.
2. To facilitate the task of the security in Kendari Bay, he was equipped with a six seed light caliber cannons, six bedial weapons and their ammunition. Waive any terms and conditions to promote trade following firearm ammunition.
3. Allow Vosmaer, build Kendari bay that comes with establishing a defense housing in order to provide permanent protection to people Bajo and traders with the Dutch flag.
4. Provide breadth to Vosmaer hold friendly relations with the kings of Kendari Bay, HB promote profitable trade with regard to all the rules of free trade. And wherever possible to make direct contact with local kings, does not prejudice the interests of both sides.
5. In operationalize relationships or agreements with local kings, and if the interest has nothing to do with the government HB, then Vosmaer may act as an agent of the Governor HB, provided it does not at any time use the opportunity, while maintaining a good understanding and menghindarkn the possibility of disappointment or objection.
6. The trust given to Vosmaer can always be maintained
promote regional, inter-regional trade, the attitude of residents, customs will be visited and carried out continuously reported on Sulawesi Governor (Chalik, 1985). HB blessing, Vosmaer start construction of Kendari edge of the beach on the northern part of Kendari Bay. The town is divided into two residential concentration, the eastern side of the river estuary Kendari and disebalah small cape western section. Construction area of ​​the royal palace (Lakino Konawe) in addition logde (lodges) and other facilities seemed to be a symbol of the growth of the so-called colonial city of Kendari, and when it was built towards the port city of Kendari
and trade or commerce which is the most important city on the east coast of Sulawesi. Government development and the City of Commerce.

There are concerns from the Dutch in the continuing exploitation of surveillance in East Sulawersi are often faced with the pirates at sea which interfere with the smooth trade. The eastern part of Sulawesi is not only rich in marine products, but also become a target for pirates (Tobelo), then this region is a region that is not safe and even danger for sailors and merchants across the east coast of Sulawesi in the 18th century. Kendari Bay the village bustling with the presence of the Bajo, when dilancarkanya Bone expedition in 1824-1925 by the Dutch government to secure and capture the pirates who disrupt the smooth waters of the Gulf of Bone trade. As a result of the expedition Bajo people are much settling seashores Bone Bay (Bajoe now) largely moved to Kendari Bay area along with those taken leadership Bugis White Hyacinths (Esther, 1993: 2).

Kendari the transit port, has played a role since the third half of the 18th century. As the capital of the Kingdom Laiwoi experiencing rapid development after the entry of the Netherlands. Kendari city residential areas divided village communities. Adjacent to the West are Lepo-
Lepo which are dialiran River-Lepo Lepo Laiwoi its capital, where the King Tebau. While Kandai located north side of the bay became the administrative center of government through government decision HB no.2 dated May 9, 1835 which establishes the Kendari city development initiated by
Vosmaer as follows:
1. During the two years, Vosmaer using government vessel to continue mapping and a survey in East Sulawesi.
2. Governor in Makassar gave permission to collect, develop and provide protection pirates in the Gulf of Kendari. In connection with that assignment, he was given charge F1200 - f1800 every year.
3. Provide mapping equipment on the beach and the ocean depths, as well as carpentry tools needed.
4. Broadening Vosmaer in Kendari Bay to issue travel documents belonging boat out of the natives.
5. Assign Vosmaer to continue its activities in melajutkan trade in East Sulawesi (Konggoasa, 1982).

Since the city of Kendari grew into a coastal city that emerged from the village of Bajo and Bugis with their activities as fishing (maritime activity). Because they live on the edge of the Gulf coast of Kendari, the nexus known at that time was through the sea using a sailboat. This location is visited by many sailors and trafficking in from Makassar Gowa) in the West and Ternate (Maluku) in the east of the archipelago. At the beginning of the 19th century Konawe kingdom is heading the process of collapse. Ranomeeto as one of the Kingdom's regions Konawe Tambo section I losoano oleo grow into the Kingdom Laiwoi. So that good relations between the Dutch government fixed Laiwoi built, then in 1836 Vosmaer often sail by boat across the River Wanggu-Lepo Lepo heading to see the King Tebau. There he bought their produce, especially rice in large quantities, then change to woven fabrics, articles of brass, as well as the gong of the kingdom of Buton (Zahari, 1977). Dutch busy with the construction of the city of Kendari, also disturbed by the chaos in the Kingdom of Gowa, Bone, and Buton. After these kingdoms dominated government then set Afdeeling Oost Celebes or Sulawesi Cambodgien East covering the areas of Buton, Muna, Kendari, Luwuk Banggai, and Bungku / Mori (Said D., 1997).

The birth of the Kingdom Laiwoi the second half of the 19th century, led by La Magu as king Laiwoi began to detach himself from the bonds of the Kingdom Konawe, though Saranani still serving as Sulemandara Konawe domiciled in Pondidaha. He Magu the legitimacy of the ruling HB began to organize his cabinet personnel administration set consisting of positions: Batuangan as Sapati, Malacca as Capita, and La Palewo as a retainer. He Magu signed the first contract with the Governor-General of the Kingdom Laiwui HB Accords Long - Long Contract - on 13 April 1858 consists of 27 chapters. Sao-Sao replace La Magu, who died in 1865 became king Laiwoi, but because of immature, then King of Sao-Sao newly sworn in on May 15, 1880 (Said D., 2005). After Sao-Sao officially became king, he signed a second agreement, respectively; Sao-Sao represent Hadat Kingdom Laiwoi with Resident Bensbach HB representing the government on Monday, December 21, 1885 aboard the "Borneo" which was anchored outside Kendari Bay. The agreement consists of 18 chapters, and one of the article is Hadat Laiwoi Kingdom government recognizes legally HB and HB Laiwoi incoming government. To strengthen its position in the Kingdom HB Laiwui in November 1910 to July 1913 have been placed in Kendari Lt. IF Trefers as komondan military post with the main task is to run the civil administration in Onderafdeeling Kendari. The loss of the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Laiwoi, after King Sao-Sao represent kingdom Verklaring Korte signed on August 30, 1917 were approved by the Governor-General HB No. 5 dated August 2, 1918. Tekaka since 1928 has replaced the Sao-Sao, who died crowned King Laiwoi on 9 November 1933 stambel (Statute) of 1927 No. 277, as well as regulating the relations Landschap Laiwoei with Gubernemen HB. At the beginning of 1918 the government set the establishment Afdeeling HB Boeton en Laiwoei based (Bijbled 14 377), which includes three regions onderafdeling, namely Onderafdeeling Buton, Muna Onderafdeeling, and Onderafdeeling Kendari with the central government and its capital Bau-Bau (Said D., 1997). Kendari city to the plurality Population
One problem faced by the cities in Indonesia in the current period is a matter of people, space, land and lahan.pemukiman and business activities.

At least this problem has been around the 1900s, the issue of population explosion, poverty, employment and housing and urbanization started to emerge, as reflected in the issue of deterioration of prosperity that emerged at that time. Issues were invited demands improvements to the policy of the government. Policy Ethical Policy trilogy programs, namely education, emigration and irrigation, and the improvement of the village (Kampung verbetering), prevention of health, and others were launched at about the first two decades beginning of the 20th century is an important solution to the issues raised at that time , Meanwhile, the development of colonial towns or cities Indies in 1900-1940-an increase. Urban development that occurred in the past, has a characteristic that is a basis of the birth of a new urban, consisting of intellectuals, bureaucrats, professionals, business people and traders from among Natives. Among the group of real awareness of the emerging nation and identity, that identity "Indonesian people". It has been growing in major cities, like Jakarta (Batavia), Bandung, Yogyakta, and Surabaya become the center of modernization. The same thing applies to the city of Semarang, Medan and Makassar (Colombijn, et al, 2005: 31). The rapid process of modernization, industrialization, commercialization and education are concentrated in large cities have become a factor of change and appeal pengerak urbanization and migration of people to urban areas. The city became a dream for the people residing in rural areas. In addition, therefore, the plurality of the population that has characterized colonial cities, in the early days of independence becomes more evolved and more so in its aftermath. A plurality of the population in some urban areas, a factor triggering the process of integration and socialization in the urban context in Indonesia.

Pengindonesiaan process is taking place not only through the activities in admininistari aspects and political and economic governance, but also through the process of social interaction and inter-ethnic cultural dialogue. Kendari, for example, in the period of the 19th century a landslide developed into a residential center. In 1824 when the expulsion of people from the Gulf Bone Bajo performed the Dutch, then there is a massive migration of people Bajo to Kendari Bay. Bajo move was followed by the nobility Bone along with his followers and Kendari Bay became the largest settlement in Sulawesi Bajo (Esther, 1993: 5). Migration flows entering Kendari City also occurred in 1861 were derived from Muna from La Ode Ngkada Kapitalau Lohiya because of opposing views with King Muna La Ode downy mildew, he and 300 of his followers settled in Kendari. People to Rete derived from Wawonii be too Kendari Bay population occupy the hilly areas in the north of the bay, the village of Mata, Nii, Sadohoa and Lahudape. To Kapontori inhabits Kampung Kapontori between Tipulu and Lahundape (Chalik, 1985: 24-25). The growing city of Kendari as a center of colonial power began to be equipped with military facilities set up barracks Dutch troops on a hill near the building lodges and istanah king and government facilities, both as an office, home office of the head of government and housing pengawai and religious facilities such as the Church, all located on the hill. In the next period, which the city of Kendari started showing a characteristic of the urban center in the Kingdom government Laiwui-Lepo Lepo moved in Kendari. Move the capital city as the center of government, pushing for a natural harbor facilities and the market town of Kendari Bay Kendari, Kendari thus evolved into the port city and trade. The physical face of the city of Kendari increasingly broad and crowded, more lively social life, when in 1920 enlivened by the presence of the Chinese and the Arabs build a shopping center. Urban infrastructure construction, such as a shopping center market, the physical expansion of the city by reclaiming and stockpiling beach cliffs around the headland east, and the western part of what had been a small bay.

This period of physical expansion of the city is growing, people are concentrated in the Bajo Bajo Langi village began to feel discomfort, disturbed and ultimately forced to leave villages to other areas in Kendari Bay. When the road that connects Kendari with the hinterland was opened (Kendari - Wawotobi) in 1912. The villages
along the Gulf has been a concentration of settlements. The expansion towards the north coast, such as villages Sadohoa, Benu-Continent, Tipulu, Kapontori, and Lahudape develop into part of the expansion of the city. Path opened toward West along the coast add to dense city of Kendari. Kendari city expansion on the south bay, the topography does not undergo changes, except settlement in Lapulu, Abeli ​​and Pandan Island and Butung village by the sea (Said D. 2005). The development of the city of Kendari from East to West is a regional settlement between Kampung Sadohoa disebalah West until the village Butung eastward into the central city of Kendari ranging from Kampung Butung, Kendari Caddi, Kampung Salo, Kandai (Kendari city), Kampung Jati, Kampung Bajo, and New village. Towards the West there are villages Sadohoa, Benu-Continent, Tipulu, Kapontori, Lahudape, Mandonga and Punggolaka who follow the path of Kendari Wawotobi. From the South heading towards intersection Mandonga-Lepo Lepo there Kadia village, Wua-Wua and-Lepo Lepo. South to the East towards the bay there are villages Kambu, Anduonohu, Anggoeya, Abeli, Pandan Island, Talia, Nambo and Bungkutoko. Being in front of the bay there is a village Kassilampe and Kampung Mata (HA Chalik, 1985: 29-30; Konggoasa, 1982). Prominent change occurred when the central government of the Kingdom of Laiwoi on the move-Lepo Lepo Ranomeeto to Kendari Bay in 1832. The immediate impact of the removal of the center of government policy is the development and improvement of municipal facilities such as port facilities and road network. In addition, the provision of public facilities such as the establishment of military barracks and housing, water, telephones, schools, and land transportation facilities.

All of which are part of the political and economic interests the Dutch East Indies to take advantage of all the facilities provided to the people in the form of tax collection and labor. The city government as a symbol of power begets violence, pengusuran, and destruction of buildings of historical value which characterizes the traditional city has lost its meaning. City dwellers consisting of multi-ethnic and cultural reflect each, very vulnerable to social conflicts, if not managed properly, it will cause upheavals. To avoid social conflict one bid multikuralisme solution is to improve education for the younger generation and the citizens understand and respect the cultural differences of each ethnicity. Of course we very much hope for the absence of cases of conflict and social unrest between ethnic groups, such as the events of Ambon, Palu, Sampit and other areas in Indonesia.

In the development history, the city of Kendari formed can not be separated from the presence of the Bajo and Bugis in Kendari Bay that form population centers. Kendari city in its development into a commercial city, after Vosmaer build Kendari city in 1832, and later became the administrative center of the Kingdom Laiwoi after moving the king's court-Lepo Lepo Tebau of the capital of the Kingdom of Laiwoi to Kendari Bay. Kendari city developed into an important commercial town on the seashore of east Sulawesi. The second lung of the 19th century city of Kendari developing as a center of trade between the island controlled by Chinese merchants, Arab, and Europe. And simultaneously followed by a decline in activities that disrupt piracy and merchant shipping in the Gulf of Kendari. Reduced pirate activity due to the Dutch policy to protect the Bajo fishermen and traders who live / lived in Kendari Bay. When leaders are having trouble maintaining lokol

their positions due to increased piracy and do not have access to a weapon, then replaced by the power of pirates or pirates from Ternate to secure trade in Kendari Bay, trade supervisory control is taken over local leaders called by sahbandar taken control of the Netherlands. Settlement expansion in Kendari inclined towards the coastal area

beach encircling the bay. Market and harbormaster's office was set on the coast near the port. If seeing the dynamics that occur in the city of Kendari, the visible developments to a characteristic of the commercial city or the port city that relies on trade as a development base. This condition is supported by the geographical position (it lies) and community activities are mostly oriented to the shipping sector and trade. Kendari city visible face of its infrastructure following the coastal path and economic orientation to the development of the port as a supporter of trade and shipping.

Sultan Hasanuddin the King of Gowa

Tracing the history of the hero is very good, a lot of value - the value of loyalty that we can take as an example in living as a man who always wanted to be better. Sultan Hasanuddin is a hero in my hometown in Makassar South Sulawesi - Indonesia. He is a brave figure who never wavered against the enemy until the day he died.

He was born in Makassar, South Sulawesi, January 12, 1631 and died in Makassar, South Sulawesi, June 12, 1670 at the age of 39 years, is the King of Gowa 16th and Indonesian national hero who was born with the name I Mallombasi Muhammad Bakir Daeng Mattawang Karaeng Bonto Mangepe , After converting to Islam, he received an additional title of Sultan Hasanuddin Tumenanga Ri Balla Pangkana, only better known as the Sultan Hasanuddin course, by the Netherlands he was nicknamed as the Roosters From the East or in Dutch called de Haav van de Oesten for his courage against the Dutch colonialists .. He was appointed as the Sultan of Gowa 6 to the age of 24 years (1655).

He is the second son of Sultan Malikussaid, King of Gowa 15th. Sultan Hasanuddin ruled the Kingdom of Gowa, when the Netherlands which represented the Company was trying to control the spice trade. Gowa a great empire in the eastern region of Indonesia who controlled the trade route. In 1666, under the command of Admiral Cornelis Speelman, the Company tried to subdue the small kingdoms, but has not managed to subdue Gowa. On the other hand, after the Sultan Hasanuddin ascending the throne, he tried to combine the power of small kingdoms in eastern Indonesia against the Company.

The battle between the VOC and Gowa (Sultan Hasanuddin) began in 1660. At that time, the Netherlands was assisted by the Royal Bone is a conquered kingdom of Gowa. On the war, Commander Bone, Tobala Palaka Aru eventually killed but managed to escape and the war ended with peace. However, dama agreement did not last long because the Sultan Hasanuddin who feels aggrieved then attacked and merompak two Dutch ships, namely de Walvis and Leeuwin. Holland was furious.


Then the Dutch sent a large fleet of war led by Cornelis Speelman. Palaka Aru, the ruler of the kingdom of Bone also attacked the Kingdom of Gowa. Sultan Hasanuddin finally pressed and finally agreed to sign the agreement most famous of Bongaya Treaty on 18 November 1667. On 12 April 1668, Sultan Hasanuddin back an attack against the Netherlands. But because the Netherlands has been stronger then Fort Sombaopu which is the last defense of the Kingdom of Gowa successfully mastered the Netherlands.

Until the end of his life, Sultan Hasanuddin still would not cooperate with the Netherlands. Sultan Hasanuddin later resigned from his royal throne and died on June 12, 1670. To Respect his services, the Government conferred the title of National Hero Ri him with Presidential Decree No. 087 / TK / 1973.

Getting to know the figure of General Sudirman

Hi guys, today I will introduce you to one of the many heroes of Indonesia, Sudirman, he is experienced in the military field and has a very strong determination to protect the nation and state of Indonesia

On December 19, 1948, the Dutch military aggression II attacked Yogyakarta, the capital of Indonesia at that time. National leaders: Sukarno, Mohammad Hatta and Sjahrir caught. Soon after the aggression, General Sudirman as Commander of TKR (People's Security Army) issued orders that all army lightning Indonesia do guerrilla against the Dutch.

           Although ill, Sudirman lead directly guerrilla. With his army, he went out into the forest, up and down the mountain to attack military outposts Netherlands. Guerrilla tactics it turned out to weaken the morale of the troops Netherlands. Many are desperate and feel threatened his safety. Because unexpectedly, they get a sudden attack of the troops of General Sudirman.
         
Dutch feel overwhelmed Sudirman forces. They can only master urban areas, whereas outside it, has entered the territory of the guerrilla army leader Sudirman. On the other hand, diplomatic pressure against the Netherlands also insistently, because the international community saw that the army led by General Sudirman still exist.

          Guerrilla warfare conducted Sudirman, an attempt to imitate the Prophet when migrated to Madinah. Of tactics can be read that the Sudirman understand the tactics of the Prophet when the Quraish fool. While at the village after suffering Karangnongko previously settled in the village Sukarame - Sudirman village considers it unsafe. He decided to leave the village with tactics disguise, as did his companions when the Prophet besarta will emigrate.

          After the dawn prayer, Sudirman together with his bodyguard went into the forest. Coat she used to be left in a house in the village, including several members of the group consisting of Rustam and Heru Suparjo Kesser. The next morning Heru Kesser soon wore the mantle and together Suparjo Rustam walked toward the south. Up in a house, then the coat is removed and the two of them together with a few people are carefully following the Sudirman. Apparently, in the afternoon the Dutch aircraft bombed the house who had visited Heru Kesser and Suparjo Rustam.

To spread the jihad fighting spirit, this great general distributed leaflets containing an appeal to all the people and army to continue fighting against the Dutch with quotes one hadith of the Prophet. "Insyaflah! Whoever dies, when (during his life) has never fought (for justice) even the slightest desire of his heart there is no war, the death on a branch of hypocrisy. "

        Specifically Sudirman also encouraged his troops to not be afraid and sad because Allah is with the believers. In addition, Sudirman always remind his troops to cleanse his heart in the struggle. They must be confident that God will not neglect his servants who fight for something that is fair based on inner purity.

          In the course of the guerrilla, each stop in the countryside or village, Sudirman, as he is usually called upon the people, always organize recitals. This is what makes it close to the community. Every night, although her condition is pain due to lung disease, he always prayed tahajud.
In order to rekindle the spirit of jihad among the army and society, Sudirman establish close working relationship with the boarding schools. For example, during the battle in Magelang and Ambarawa, he collaborated with the boarding school in Payaman Kyai leader Siraj. Boarding many leads his students to strive in battle Ambarawa.

          Sudirman also always instill in each child his noble attitude to life or martyrdom. In his speeches he always quoted the Qur'anic verse that contains the word "Jihad" as Surah Ash-Shaff paragraphs 10 and 11 and surah al-Baqarah verse 154. Sudirman also often chanting Takbir "Allahu Akbar!" While leading the battle. Approximately seven months he leads a guerrilla war until the Dutch finally resigned from Yogyakarta.

Sudirman was born from a family of small farmers, in the village of Bodaskarangjati, District of Rembang, Purbalingga, Central Java. His father was a foreman in the sugar cane sugar factory in Purwokerto. From infancy he was adopted by the assistant district officer (district head) in Rembang, R. Tjokrosunaryo.

            A child who was born on January 24, 1916 is included in luck. The reason for that time, he could get an education in the School Teachers Muhammadiyah Solo, though not until the end. But because education is high, Sudriman could be a teacher at Muhammadiyah Cilacap. Aside from being a teacher, he is also actively preached that his name famous in Cilacap and Banyumas.

       As Muhammadiyah activists, young Sudirman active in Hizbul Wathon, scouting belongs to Muhammadiyah. Apparently, in this container stand his military talent. Because of that, he then entered the selection Homeland Defense military education (Map) in Bogor.

     Sudirman military career has been rapid. Graduated from the school, he was appointed battalion commander in the Tract. After the People's Security Army (TKR) was formed, he was appointed Commander of Division V / Banyumas with the rank of colonel. Conference TKR 1945, Sudirman was elected Commander of TKR and appointed by the president with the rank of general. TKR has since grown into the Indonesian National Army (TNI).

     Although he became military officers in Yogyakarta, he remained active following the recitation "Tuesday Night", organized by Muhammadiyah in Kauman, adjacent to the Grand Mosque in Yogyakarta. To maintain the relationship with the camp of Islam, he also did not hesitate to come to their headquarters. Suppose that in 1946, he visited the camp of the Hezbollah-Sabilillah Surakarta. The arrival of the great general morale cash add-Sabilillah Hezbollah members were preparing to leave for the battlefield.

This is what makes the figure of General authoritative and respected. In the eyes of the people, he was a great general and a special commander. The spirit of jihad is to become a legendary figure in the history of the Indonesian military. General Sudirman died in Magelang on January 29, 1950 and was buried at the Heroes Semaki, Yogyakarta.

In ancient times INDONESIA is the richest country

Past Indonesia is very rich. This is evidenced by information from various ancient sources. This time we will discuss the wealth of each island in Indonesia. The islands will we mentioned into seven major parts of Sumatra, Java, small Sunda Islands, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua.

Sumatera - Gold Island

In various inscriptions, Sumatra island called by the Sanskrit name: Suwarnadwipa ("golden island") or Suwarnabhumi ("land of gold"). These names have been used in the texts of India BC. Also known as the island of Sumatra, Andalas.

At the time of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh in Egypt (around 1.567SM-1.339SM), on the west coast of Sumatra island has no bustling port, with the name Barus. Barus (Lobu Tua - Tapanuli) is estimated to have been around since 3000 BC. Barus was known as a place of origin of mothballs. Turns camphor or camphor is used as a preservative mummy of ancient Egyptian pharaohs.

In addition to the Barus, in Sumatra, there are also other ancient kingdoms. A source tells the Ancient Jewish manuscript bekalan gold to build state of the Kingdom of Solomon is taken from an ancient kingdom in the Far East called Ophir. The possibility of Ophir is in West Sumatra. There is a mountain in West Sumatra Ophir. Companions anehdidunia.com Mount Ophir (also known as G. Talamau) is one of the highest mountain in West Sumatra, contained in Pasaman. Reportedly areas in Sumatra, the largest gold contained in Minangkabau kingdom. According to ancient sources, in that kingdom there are high mountains and contains gold. It is said that the Kingdom of Minangkabau center is located in the center of gold mining. The gold is then exported from a number of ports, such as Kampar, Indragiri, Pariaman, Mice, Barus, and Pedir. Sumatra Island also stands Kingdom of Srivijaya Empire which later evolved into the first major of the archipelago which has the effect of up to Thailand and Cambodia in the north, to the Moluccas in the east.

Now the mineral wealth contained much of Sumatra island mined. Many types of minerals found on the island of Sumatra, in addition to gold. Sumatra has a variety of minerals, such as coal, gold, and lead. It is not impossible actually minerals such as gold and many others who have not been found on the island of Sumatra. Some people believe actually Sumatra island contains a lot of gold other than what is found now. If that is true then it will be known as the island of Sumatra, the island of gold again.
Jawa - Pulau Padi

Now the mineral wealth contained much of Sumatra island mined. Many types of minerals found on the island of Sumatra, in addition to gold. Sumatra has a variety of minerals, such as coal, gold, and lead. It is not impossible actually minerals such as gold and many others who have not been found on the island of Sumatra. Some people believe actually Sumatra island contains a lot of gold other than what is found now. If that is true then it will be known as the island of Sumatra, the island of gold again.

Ptolemy mentions in the west end Iabadiou (Jawadwipa) located Argyre (Silver City). Silver City was most likely ancient Sunda kingdom, Salakanagara located in western Java. Salakanagara in the history of Sunda (Wangsakerta) called Rajatapura. Salaka interpreted silver while the country of residence together with the city, so Salakanagara many interpreted as Silver City.

On the island of Java, also stands a great kingdom of Majapahit. Majapahit kingdom was recorded as the largest in the archipelago who managed to unite the archipelago include Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, Papua, and most of the Philippine archipelago. In Wang Ta-yuan notes, Java export commodity at the time is pepper, salt, cloth, and a parrot. Its currency is made of a mixture of silver, tin, lead, and copper. In addition, note monks visit Rome in 1321, Odorico da Pordenone, states that the court of King Java filled with gold jewelry, silver, and gems.

According to many experts, the most fertile in the world is the island of Java. This makes sense, because Java has a concentration of volcanoes is very high. Many active volcanoes in Java. The mountain is what causes the soil is very fertile island of Java with the content of nutrients needed by plants.

Raffles author of The History of Java was amazed at the natural fertility of Java that no tandingnya in any hemisphere. "If all the land that is utilized," he wrote, "there can be no region in the world that can match the quantity, quality, and variety of plants produced by this island."

Java is now supplying 53 percent of the food needs of Indonesia. Rice farming is widely available in Java because it has a tremendous fertility. Java island is said to be Indonesia's rice barn. Java is also famous for his coffee called Java coffee. Rainfall and soil acidity levels in Java very suitable for coffee cultivation. Much better than coffee Latin America or Africa.

The agricultural production of other foods such as vegetables and fruits are also benyak in Java, for example, peanuts, green beans, leeks, onions, potatoes, cabbage, radish, chinese cabbage, beans, carrots, green beans, spinach, cucumbers, peppers, eggplant, squash, beans, tomatoes, avocado, citrus, durian, Duku, guava, guava, guava bol, pineapple, mango, papaya, banana, brown, bark, apples, grapes and rambutan. Even in Java are now trying to plant wheat and palm trees. It is not impossible if the land in Java and processed optimally used for agriculture it can be very rich Java only from agricultural products.

Small Sunda Islands (Bali, NTB dan NTT) - Islands Tourism

Ptolemy mentions, there are three islands called Sunda located in east India. Based on that information experts then geographer Europe using Sundanese word for naming the area and a few islands in eastern India. A number of islands which is then formed on the plains Sunda named using the term Sunda also the Greater Sunda Islands and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Greater Sunda Islands is a set consisting of a large island of Sumatra, Java, Madura and Kalimantan. Meanwhile, a group of islands of the Lesser Sunda Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba and Timor.

This small Sunda Islands region as a tourist area known for its natural beauty stunning. Since the first has anyone traveled to this area. Rsi Markandiya trip around the 8th century from Java to Bali, have to travel by bringing keagaman missions. Similarly, professor Kuturan who developed the concept of Tri Sakti in Bali came around the 11th century In 1920, tourists from Europe began to come to Bali. Bali in Europe, also known as the Island of God.

In another place in the Lesser Sunda Islands precisely in the area of West Nusa Tenggara known from the herds of horses, cattle and buffalo. Horse Nusa Tenggara already known to the world since hundreds of years ago. Century 13 M of West Nusa Tenggara have sent horses to the island of Java. West Nusa Tenggara is also known as a tourist place of the kings. The kings of the kingdom of Bali build Narmada in 1727 AD in the area of the island of Lombok to relieve fatigue from routine moment in the kingdom.

Lesser Sunda region is no less rich is the Nusa Tenggara Timur, because in this area there is a very precious sandalwood. Sandalwood is a native plant that grows in the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara. Anehdidunia.com friend sandalwood from East Nusa Tenggara have been traded since the beginning of the century AD. Since the beginning of the century AD, many traders from western part of Indonesia and China sailed to various producing regions in East Nusa Tenggara sandalwood especially islands of Sumba and Timor. It is said that Prophet Solomon wore the sandalwood to make pillars in the temple of Solomon, and for musical instruments. Prophet Solomon's import timber from places distant possibility of sandalwood comes from the East.

Now the small Sunda Islands is a famous tourist spot in the world. Bali is a beautiful island in the world. Lombok is also one of the most beautiful places in the world. Meanwhile in East Nusa Tenggara are ancient animals inhabited island is the only one in the world who are still alive are dragons. Small Sunda Islands is a mysterious place and very charming. These islands can get a lot of wealth travelers from all over the world if managed optimally.

Kalimantan - Energy Granary Island

But the name of the third largest island in the world is Warunadwipa which means God of the Sea Island. Borneo in the news China (T'ai p'ing huan yu chi) called the p'i li Chin Shih. Nusa Kencana "is the designation of the island of Borneo in the ancient Javanese manuscripts. The Malays call Hujung Island Land (P'ulo Chung). Borneo is the name used by the British and Dutch colonial.

In ancient times foreign merchants came to this island looking natural commodities such as camphor, candles and bird nest to barter with high-value ceramic urn in the Dayak community. The Indian and Malay immigrants entering the estuaries to look for land cultivation and managed to find gold and diamond mines in this island.

In Kalimantan Kutai kingdom stand. Kutai Martadipura is patterned oldest Hindu kingdom in the archipelago. Name Kutai already mentioned since the 4th century (four) on the news of India clearly states Kutai with the name "Quetaire" as well as the Chinese news on Abat to 9 (nine) called Kutai as "Kho They" meaning the kingdom big. And in the 13th century (thirteen) in ancient literature Kertagama State Book compiled by Professor Prapanca written by the term "Alas Kute". Kutai past civilization which is the first milestone in the history of the Indonesian era.

Now the island of Borneo is one of the barns of natural resources in Indonesia has several resources that can be used as an energy source, such as coal, oil, gas and geothermal. Borneo forest containing peat can be used as a good source of energy for electricity generation and heating as a replacement for coal. Remarkable turns of Borneo has a lot of reserves of uranium that could be used for nuclear power plants. Besides, Borneo also has another potential that is as a provider of botanical or renewable energy sources. The botanical energy source or bioenergy is of palm oil CPO. Borneo Island is very rich.

Sulawesi - Iron Island

The Arabs called the Sulawesi with Sholibis name. The Dutch called this island by the name of Celebes. The island has been inhabited by humans since 30,000 years ago proved the existence of ancient relics in this island. For example the location of prehistoric stone age Besoa Valley.

Sulawesi name supposedly comes from the word 'Sula' meaning the island and 'iron'. Sulawesi Island since the first is a manufacturer Bessi (iron), so it is not surprising Ussu and around the lake Matana containing iron and Nikkel. In Sulawesi once stood Luwu Kingdom, which is one of the oldest kingdoms in Sulawesi. Luwu region is a producer of iron. Luwu Luwu or guns Bessi (keris or kawali) is very famous for its potency, not only in Sulawesi but also outside Sulawesi. In the history of Majapahit, Luwu region is a tributary kingdom, besides known as a major supplier of iron to Majapahit, Maluku and others. According to existing records, since the fourteenth century has been known as a place Luwu iron smelting.

On the island of Sulawesi is also never stand Gowa Tallo ever topped the triumph that emanated from Sombaopu, the capital of the Kingdom of Gowa east up to the strait Dobo, north to Sulu, to the west to the Kutai and south through the Lesser Sunda, outside of the island Bali to Marege (northern Australia). It shows broad powers covering more than 2/3 of the archipelago.

During prosperous times will spice trade in the 15th century until the 19th, Sulawesi, Maluku islands as a gateway, an island rich in spices. Large empire such as Napier and Bone as mentioned in the history of eastern Indonesia, has played an important role. In the 14th century AD, Sulawesi person can make a boat to explore the world. Pinisi made Bugis society at that time was able to sail to Madagascar in Africa, a journey across the ocean that requires great determination and tremendous courage. This proves that the Bugis have the capability to make an awesome boat, and has a nautical spirit high. At the same time Vasco da Gama are just starting his first exploration in 1497 in search of spices, and discover new continents in the east, who previously pioneered Marco Polo.

Until now Sulawesi is very rich in minerals include iron, copper, gold, silver, nickel, titanium, manganese cement, iron sand / black, sulfur, kaolin and quarrying C such as sand, stone, gravel and trass. If managed well just for the sake of prosperity of the people get rich then all the people of Sulawesi.

Maluku -Spice Islands

Maluku has the original name "Jazirah al-Mulk" which means a collection / peninsula kingdoms consisting of small kingdoms. Maluku known as Thousand Islands region as well as socio-cultural diversity and abundant natural resources. Dutch people refer to it as 'the three golden from the east' (three gold from the east) that Ternate, Banda and Ambon. Before the arrival of the Dutch, Portuguese writer and physician, Tome Pirez wrote the book 'Summa Oriental' who have inscribed on Ternate, Ambon and Banda as 'the spices island'.

In the past the Moluccas was known as a producer of spices such as cloves and nutmeg. Cloves are ancient spice that has been known and used for thousands of years BC. The tree itself is native to the islands of Maluku (Ternate and Tidore), formerly known by the explorers as the Spice Islands.

At 4000 years ago in the kingdom of Egypt, Pharaoh of the 12th Dynasty, Sesoteris III. Through archaeological data regarding the transaction Egypt in importing incense, ebony, incense, ivory, from a mysterious land where "baboons" originated. Although archaeological support is lacking, the country "Punt" can be identified after Giorgio Buccellati find containers that contain objects such as clove in the middle Euphrates. At the time of 1700 BC that the clove is only found in the Maluku islands, Indonesia. In medieval times (about 1600 AD) clove spice had become one of the most popular and expensive in Europe, exceeding the price of gold.

Besides cloves, spices from Maluku is the fruit of Pala. Fruit Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) is a plant in the form of a tree that came from the Banda Islands, Maluku. Due to the high value as a spice, fruit and nutmeg have become an important trading commodity in the Roman period. Seeing the high price of spices that time many Europeans then look for this spice islands. Anehdidunia.com friend indeed sought Christopher Columbus to the west is the road to the Maluku Islands, 'The Island of Spices' (the Spice Islands), although in the end he just discovered a new continent called America. Spices are one of the reasons why the Portuguese explorer Vasco Da Gama reached India and the Moluccas.

Maluku actually now be returned victorious with crops if it continues to develop well. Maluku get rich with crops and the sea.

Papua - Island paradise

Papua is the second largest island in the world. At around the year 200 AD, a Geography named Ptolamy call it by name LABADIOS. At the end of the year 500 AD, the Chinese writer named Ghau Yu Kua give TUNGKI name, and at the end of the year 600 AD, the kingdom of Sriwijaya's name by using the name Janggi Papua. Tidore give a name to this island and its inhabitants as PAPA-UA that has changed the appellation into PAPUA. In 1545, Inigo Ortiz de Retes to name NUEVA Guinee and there are other sailors who gave the name ISLA DEL ORO which means Island of Gold. Robin Osborne in his book, Indonesias Secret War: The Guerilla Struggle in Irian Jaya (1985), dubbed Indonesia's easternmost province as a lost paradise.

It is unknown whether the ancient civilizations BC in Papua are royal. It could be time immemorial there have been advanced civilization in Papua. At a conference on road and traffic lights in 1963 in Pretoria (South Africa), CS Downey bring about an isolated settlement in the middle of dense forest Mountains Wilhelmina (Peg. Trikora) in Western New Guinea (Papua) which has advanced lighting system. The traders who painstakingly managed to penetrate into the settlement is told horror to light very bright illumination of several months in the top of the pillars there. Light bulbs that appear to be strange glow after the sun begins to set and continue to burn throughout the night every day. We do not know the truth of this story but if true it is exceptional and should be investigated.

Papua's natural wealth has been known for a long time. In the 18th century AD, the ruler of the kingdom of Srivijaya, send offerings to the Chinese empire. In the offering, there are several birds of paradise, which is believed to be a bird of paradise park that is native of Papua. With a strong fleet Sriwijaya visiting Maluku and Papua to trade spices - spices, perfume - perfume, pearls and feathers Bird of Paradise. In the days of the kingdom of Majapahit number of areas in Papua have been included in the territory of Majapahit. In the sixteenth century the North Coast to the West Bird's Head region until Namatota (Kab.Fak-Fak) South side, as well as islands - islands into the area surrounding the Sultan of Tidore.

Papua is very rich. Copper and gold is a natural resource which is very abundant contained in Papua. Papua is famous for its gold production in the world's largest and various mines and natural resources so abundant. Papua is also touted as a small paradise that fall to Earth. Papua is a paradise of biodiversity left on earth today. In 2006 reported a survey team consisting of American explorer, Indonesia and Australia conducted a review in some areas Foja mountains of Papua province of Indonesia. There they find a magic place which they call the "lost world", and "Garden of Eden on earth", by watching dozens of species of birds, butterflies, frogs and plants that have never been recorded in history. If managed well, the Papuans could be more prosperous with the abundant natural wealth.


So little has been written about the islands in Indonesia is very rich. From this work, in fact Indonesia has been known as a rich earth since the time of ancient civilizations. We do not know exactly what ancient civilization has existed on the islands of this archipelago. It may be that there has been an ancient civilization and prosperous Indonesia is unrecorded history. Brazilian scientist Prof. Dr. Aryso Santos, confirming the theory that Atlantis was what is now Indonesia. Indonesia is the region that is regarded as the heir of Atlantis. Plato says that Atlantis is a prosperous country that the sun all the time.

Oppenheimer in the book "Eden in the East: The Drowned Continent of Southeast Asia", proposed that the Sundaland (Indonesia) is the Garden of Eden (Garden of Eden). that the Garden of Eden (Eden) was not in the Middle East, but rather in Sundaland. Indonesia is indeed a fertile and beautiful land that lies in the path of the fire ring (pacific ring of fire), which marked the presence of more than 500 volcanoes in Indonesia. Indonesia could be called a paradise surrounded by a ring of fire. But regardless of whether or not we all agree that in fact Indonesia is a country that is very rich in agricultural produce, sea and culture.

The original Indonesian culture thousands of years old before the civilization of Egypt and Mesopotamia began writing on stone. Indonesian civilization probably does not begin with a tradition of writing, but oral tradition has been alive and rooted in the soul of the ancient society of our nation.

Alam Indonesia wealthy and well cared for by our ancestors also be one of the factors that make the archipelago a source of world attention. Indonesia is a country that lies on the equator which has abundant natural resources in addition to its strategic location geographically. Natural resources ranging from marine resources, forests, until the minerals are spread from Sabang to Merauke. Many are now beginning to find new mines in Indonesia. Indonesian people will be surprised with the natural wealth of what else will emerge from the Earth Indonesia.

Rich earth if managed properly will make all the people of Indonesia can obtain a wealth extraordinary that it could be one day the people of Indonesia have no need to be taxed as it is today, and all facilities can be enjoyed with a free blessing of abundant natural resources that are shared to the people fairly. Indonesia needs is a good ruler, fair and very good at loving people and reject any form of policies that make it difficult for the public. It is time for Indonesia to rise towards glory. If it is done Indonesia could be the richest country in the world.

Sumber

Remembering Cruelty Raymond Westerling

40,000 Victims Monument

Dutch colonial occupation in Makassar (South Sulawesi) Indonesia has a track record that is very bleak. It's ironic, at a time when every region in Indonesia celebrated the proclamation of independence, the people of Sulawesi actually have to face a military operation conducted Depot troops under the command Troepen Speciale Raymond Westerling. Historically, such Westerling force's mission is to "clean up" those who are considered rebels and pro will be the Republic of Indonesia.

Every village in South Sulawesi not escape from military operations carried Westerling, so the innocent victims falling from various villages. Even more appalling, Westerling not only give the command but also shooting at people whom he considered as terrorists, criminals, and murderers. Until within a year occupation KNIL troops in South Sulawesi, recorded more than 40,000 people have died in vain. The peak occurred on December 11, 1947, because that every December 11, the people of Sulawesi always remember atrocities Westerling to fly the flag at half-mast in homes.

In memory of those terrible events, Sulawesi local government to build a monument called the Monument to the Fallen 40,000 souls or people used to call it by the name of Victims Monument Westerling. This monument is located on the road Langgau, to the north of the city of Makassar is not far from the Field Karebosi.


Entering the site visitors will find a great relief that tells the story of Raymond Westerling cruelty to the people of South Sulawesi. On the side there is a sculpture reliefs measuring about 5 meters high. The statue depicts the suffering; legged stump and supported. In other parts of the castle and gardens are filled with flowers.

According to guard the monument, first around the monument there is one hole where Westerling victims buried in mass graves. However, the holes have now been closed and generally should not be shown again, the reason all these bitter memories have been buried and do not need to be shown back.

According to him, lately Victims Monument Soul 40,000 more rarely visited by people of Sulawesi alone or Indonesian society in general. Perhaps this is due to the existence of other, more modern entertainment rather than visiting the monument. This needs serious attention from the government to want to promote and improve existing facilities, so that this monument is not only a mere sweetener city alone. Because of places like this sense of nationalism we as a nation can be improved, it is becoming important as well as the cultural shield invidualis stiff resistance to the attitude of the people of Indonesia that lately more dominant. [Source> IndonesiaKaya]

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